ABEL GRIMMER - THE LOST CASTLE - PAGE 4 Britain in the World  Land Ho! - When Elizabeth I took the crown in 1558, Britain was an impoverished country divided by religious conflict and facing economic recession and foreign threats. - She inherited a large debt, a disputed succession, and an unstable kingdom, but her reign ultimately led to greater stability, prosperity, and cultural flourishing for England.   The country was deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. Elizabeth's first major act was to establish a religious settlement that made England Protestant again while remaining a compromise between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. (Assistant)   Queen Elizabeth I of England 1558 - 1603 Unidentified painter, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons c. 1575 - Elizabeth I was the Queen of England and Ireland from November 17, 1558, until her death on March 24, 1603. - She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the House of Tudor. - Born as Elizabeth Tudor (1533-1603) on September 7, 1533, she was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. - When Elizabeth was 2 years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed. War horse - The Anglo-Scottish Border War were conflicts occurred during her early reign, stemming from the complex relationship and power dynamics between England and Scotland. - Elizabeth I also faced internal threats from Catholic plots to overthrow her, most notably during the plots associated with Mary, Queen of Scots, whom Elizabeth had executed in 1587. - Her army also fought in the Anglo-Spanish War from 1585–1604, the most famous conflict being the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. - She was also involved in conflicts like the Anglo-Scottish Border Wars and ongoing tensions with Spain that included supporting Dutch rebels against Spain, leading to raids on Spanish colonies. - The war stemmed from multiple causes, including Philip II of Spain's disapproval of Elizabeth's Protestant rule. Elizabeth rule - Following the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Queen Elizabeth I sent an English fleet, known as the English Armada or Counter Armada, to raid the Spanish coast in Portugal in 1589. - Despite the victory, the prolonged conflicts, particularly with Spain, were financially draining and left England with significant debts. - Elizabeth's reign also saw English privateers, like Sir Francis Drake, attack Spanish treasure ships and colonies in the Americas.   A privateer was a privately owned and armed ship commissioned by a government to raid enemy shipping during wartime. Unlike pirates who acted illegally, privateers operated under a government-issued letter of marque, which gave them legal authority to attack enemy vessels. This practice allowed governments to supplement their navies by enlisting privately owned ships to disrupt enemy trade and capture enemy ships and cargo for profit. (Assistant)   Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons  Sir Francis Drake - 1591 - Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540-1596) was an English explorer and privateer best known for making the second circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition between 1577 and 1580 and he was the first English expedition to accomplish this. = He is also known for participating in the early English slaving voyages of his cousin, John Hawkins, and John Lovell. - Having started as a simple seaman, in 1588 he was part of the fight against the Spanish Armada as a vice admiral. Sir Francis Drake as Musk Francis Drake 1540-1596 ?     1/28 explorer Elon Reeve Musk 1971  6/28 Golden Hind - At an early age, Drake was placed into the household of a relative, a prominent sea captain in Plymouth. - In 1572, he set sail on his first independent mission, privateering along the Spanish Main. - Drake's circumnavigation began on December 15, 1577, and he crossed the Pacific Ocean, until then an area of exclusive Spanish interest, and laid claim to New Albion, plundering coastal towns and ships for treasure and supplies as he went. - He arrived back in England in September 1580, and Elizabeth I awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581 which he received aboard his galleon the Golden Hind.   When Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to England in 1588 as a precursor to its invasion, Drake was second-in-command of the English fleet that fought against and repulsed the Spanish fleet. A year later he led the English Armada in a failed attempt to destroy the remaining Spanish fleet. (Wikipedia)   Throne - Elizabeth I faced constant threats from rivals to the throne, most notably her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots, who was a Catholic with a claim to the English crown. This led to plots and a climate of conspiracy throughout her reign. - She burned 5 Anabaptists at the stake during her 45-year reign. - She also ordered the executions of around 800 Catholic rebels implicated in the 1569 Rising of the North; and had at least 183 Catholics, the majority of whom were Jesuit missionaries, hanged, drawn and quartered as traitors. If numbers are the main reasoning behind such sobriquets as “Bloody Mary,” then why aren’t Mary’s family members dubbed “Bloody Henry,” “Bloody Edward” and “Bloody Bess”? Why has the myth of “Bloody Mary” persisted in Great Britain’s collective imagination for so long? And what did Mary do that was so different from not only other Tudor monarchs but also other kings and queens across early modern Europe?. These questions are complex and predictably fraught.  (Meilan Solly)   Elizabethan era - Her eventful reign, and its effect on history and culture, gave name to the Elizabethan era. - England during Elizabeth I's reign was a formidable naval power with a distinct shipbuilding and naval artillery tradition. - This era is often called a 'golden age' in English history due to its naval triumphs, economic expansion, and flourishing of arts and literature.   The "Darnley Portrait" of Elizabeth I of England. It was named after a previous owner. Probably painted from life, this portrait is the source of the face pattern called "The Mask of Youth" which would be used for authorized portraits of Elizabeth for decades to come. Recent research has shown the colours have faded. The oranges and browns would have been crimson red in Elizabeth's time. (Wikipedia) Bannerman arms - England became a major naval power under Elizabeth I, defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588. - The cannons used during this time were diverse, ranging from brass, bronze, and iron guns to different shot sizes. - The Elizabethans made a technological leap: their guns were of standard size, and made from stronger cast iron. - Instead of a large number of small guns, they had a small number of bigger guns. - They had longer range and a consistent rate; their effectiveness meant that naval tactics remains essentially unchanged for 200 years afterwards. - And they also no longer used stones as ammunition. At the time of Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII, shipboard cannon were a motley collection of different types of artillery. Some were made of brass, some of bronze, others of wrought iron. They fired shot (stone or metal) of various different sizes. Some of the guns were designed for ships; others were originally built to be used on land, but pressed into naval service. We know a lot about artillery in Henry's day from guns recovered from the wreck of his favorite ship, the Mary Rose, sunk by the French in 1545. (Wikipedia)   Eyeball of the world - Elizabeth I officially founded British Intelligence in 1569 after she formally funded it, although, it was all begun by her grandfather, Henry VII decades earlier. - However, she did have a fledgling spy network in Tudor England that used kidnappings, codes and moles to ensure the Protestant Queen's longevity. "This marked the beginning of a kind of mechanization of war," says naval historian Professor Eric Grove of Salford University for the program. "The ship is now a gun platform in a way that it wasn't before." (David Hamnlin)   Greening of America - Under the guidance of Sir Walter Raleigh, a document advocating colonization of North America was drafted in 1584 and Elizabeth sent him to colonize Virginia that same year. - Elizabeth I supported the first English colonization efforts in North America, primarily through her patronage of Raleigh and his expeditions. - She provided symbolic support, however, very little funding. National Portrait Gallery, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons  Sir Walter Raleigh 1599 - Sir Walter Raleigh 1553-1618) was an English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer. - One of the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era, he played a leading part in English colonisation of North America, suppressed rebellion in Ireland, helped defend England against the Spanish Armada and held political positions under Elizabeth I. - The 1580s were a time of growing rivalry between England and Spain. - Elizabeth's support for exploration was partly motivated by a desire to expand England's influence and wealth, as well as to disrupt Spanish treasure ships. While she granted Raleigh the patent and knighted him, she did not provide significant financial backing for the expeditions, leaving the primary financial burden on Raleigh. (Assistant) Sir Walter Raleigh as Musk Walter Raleigh 1553-1618 ?     10/29 explorer Elon Reeve Musk 1971  6/28  Fails at everything - Raleigh was executed by beheading on October 29, 1618, by King James I. - His execution was for treason, stemming from his alleged involvement in the Main Plot against the king years earlier. - Although his death sentence was commuted to imprisonment after his initial conviction. - Raleigh was released in 1616 to lead an expedition to find El Dorado. - The failure of this expedition and the death of his son led the king to reinstate the original sentence, and he was beheaded in the Old Palace Yard at the Palace of Westminster.   From 1579 to late 1580, Raleigh took part in the suppression of the Desmond Rebellions. He was present at the siege of Smerwick, where he led the party that beheaded some 600 Spanish and Italian soldiers who had surrendered. (Wikipedia)   Royal mystery - Elizabeth I's reign saw the attempted founding of the Roanoke Colony, which was named Virginia in her honor as the 'Virgin Queen,' however, it was abandoned by 1590. - The settlement is famous because the colonists disappeared, a mystery known as the Lost Colony of Roanoke. - In the early 1600s trading posts were established in Japan and Indonesia. - The efforts during her reign, particularly the naming of Virginia, laid the groundwork for future English colonization in North America. The initial colonists left England in 1587 and were found missing by 1590, leaving behind only the word "CROATOAN" carved into a post. The fate of the 117 colonists, including the first English child born in America, Virginia Dare, remains unsolved. (Assistant) Virgin queen - Elizabeth never wed, perpetually playing the game of courtly love and ensuring power stayed in her hands alone. - Though she eventually won acclaim as England’s 'virgin queen,' her decision to remain unmarried infuriated her advisers, who believed women were unfit to rule without the guiding influence of a husband. - But unlike Mary I who was lambasted for getting married, Elizabeth was attacked for not getting married. - When Elizabeth died childless in 1603, leaving the crown to James VI of Scotland, the son of her longtime rival Mary, Queen of Scots, she effectively ended the Tudor dynasty after just three generations.  - Elizabeth died in 1603 and as she refused to name an heir, William Cecil named King James VI of Scotland.   House of Stuart 1603 - 1714 Scottish Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of England - The House of Stuart was a royal house that ruled Scotland from 1371 and later ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1603 until 1714. - The Stuart period saw significant upheaval, including a civil war, the execution of Charles I, and the brief establishment of a republic under Oliver Cromwell. - The Act of Settlement in 1701 ensured that only Protestants could inherit the throne and designated the Protestant House of Hanover as the next in line to prevent Catholic Stuarts from reclaiming power. - In 1503, James IV married Margaret Tudor, thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England. - During the Stuart period, England's involvement in North America expanded, leading to more colonies and further development of the political, religious, and social landscape of what would become the United States. - The House of Stuart ruled the British Isles during the critical period of English colonization in North America. - While they never physically ruled in America, their reigns directly influenced the establishment and naming of many colonies. - In total, 9 Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603, the last of whom was James VI, before his accession in England. - Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following the Glorious Revolution in 1688: Mary II and Anne. - Monarchs include James I, Charles I (who was executed), Charles II, James II, William III, Mary II, and Anne. Since the early 19th century, when the James II direct line failed, there have been no active claimants from the Stuart family. The current Jacobite heir to the claims of the historical Stuart monarchs is a distant cousin Franz, Duke of Bavaria, of the House of Wittelsbach. (Wikipedia) King James VI and I of England and Scotland 1603 - 1625 Unknown artist of the Scottish school, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons King James VI  of Scotland in 1586, age 20 King James I  of England and Ireland 1586 - James VI and I, ruled from 1603-1625, and succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, who died childless. - When Elizabeth I died in 1603 she refused to name an heir so William Cecil named King James VI of Scotland and he became King James I of England and Scotland. - He was born as James Charles Stuart (1566-1625) on June 19, 1566, and was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and thus a potential successor to all three thrones. - He was the grandson of Henry VIII. - James was the first member of the Scottish House of Stuart that ruled England after he married Margaret Tudor in 1503, thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England. .     War horse - James VI and I's reign was characterized by a strong commitment to peace, and he is most known for successfully ending the long war with Spain in 1604 and maintaining peace throughout his reign to avoid expensive wars. - While he aimed to avoid major conflicts, he faced pressure from factions pushing for war, especially during the escalating Thirty Years' War in Central Europe, which ultimately led to criticism and accusations of weakness. - His efforts to find a peaceful solution to the European religious conflict, which included attempting to arrange a marriage between his son and the Spanish Infanta, were ultimately unsuccessful in preventing future conflict. He pursued marriage alliances, such as the "Spanish match," to maintain peace with Spain, but the negotiations for his son's marriage to the Infanta Maria Anna were protracted and ultimately failed to secure a peaceful resolution to the larger European conflict. Criticism: His avoidance of major wars and attempts at diplomacy led to criticism, with some accusing him of cowardice and failing to act as a strong military leader. (Assistant) Williamsburg Virginia Gazette - September 24, 1736 Settlement of Georgia - The Virginia Company of London was an English trading company that was chartered by King James I on April 10, 1606, with the objective of colonizing the eastern coast of America. - In 1606, James granted a royal charter to the Virginia Company of London, followed by another to the Plymouth Company in the same year. - In the late 1580s, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to plant Roanoke Colony for England in present-day Dare County, North Carolina, which was unsuccessful and often referred to as The Lost Colony. - This made the English crown wary of investment, however, King James I of England, Scotland and Ireland, decided to try again in 1606.   Jeffersonville Daily Reflector - September 12, 1912 Shape-shifting no doubt - Under James, the 'Golden Age' of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture. - James I granted charters to companies like the Virginia Company to establish settlements, laying the foundation for the first permanent English colonies in America. He sponsored the translation of the Bible into English (later named after him, the Authorized King James Version), and the 1604 revision of the Book of Common Prayer.Contemporary courtier Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in Christendom" (wise in small things, foolish otherwise), an epithet associated with his character ever since. (Wikipedia) Jamestown charter - James I: The first Stuart king to rule over both Scotland and England, he approved the charter for the first permanent English settlement, Jamestown, named in his honor. - The Virginia Company established the first permanent English settlement in North America in 1607 in the Chesapeake Bay. - The settlers named it Jamestown in honor of the king, and the main river the James. In 1606 King James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company of London to colonize the American coast anywhere between parallels 34° and 41° north and another charter to the Plymouth Company to settle between 38° and 45° north. In 1607 the Virginia Company crossed the ocean and established Jamestown. (Assistant) Elon Musk as King James VI Elon Reeve Musk 1971 6/28 James Charles Stuart 1566-1625 6/19   3/27 monarch   Scottish school - Divine Right of Kings is associated with Henry VIII of England (and the Acts of Supremacy), James VI and I of Scotland and England, Louis XIV of France, and their successors. - Tyrants enable themselves, how handy, writing fake 'laws' to accomodate their tyranny (using your wallet). - Great Chain of Being (perfect tool for tyrants). - Whites, Blacks, and Apes in the Great Chain of Being. - Macbeth is a usurper, someone who has murdered his rightful king and stolen the throne for himself. . (Shakespeare, Macbeth) Passion for hunting - James I's reign was marked by religious conflict, including the assassination attempt called the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. - This, along with his clashes with Parliament over his beliefs in absolute monarchy, led some religious groups, such as the Pilgrims and Puritans, to seek refuge in America. - His death in 1625 is often attributed to his illness and potential mis-treatment by his favorite, George Villiers, who administered a quack remedy that some believe may have killed him, though official records point to natural causes. The most persistent rumor is that George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham, murdered James I. Buckingham was a close confidant who administered an unnamed "medicine" to the king shortly before his death, leading to widespread suspicion. There is no definitive evidence to prove Buckingham poisoned the king, intentionally or unintentionally. It remains a subject of debate, and many modern historians dismiss the claim. (Assistant)   King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland 1625 - 1649 Workshop of Anthony van Dyck, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Charles I - 1636 - Charles I was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from March 27, 1625, until his execution on January 30, 1649. - Born as Charles Stuart (1600-1649) in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on November 19, 1600, he was the second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark. - After his accession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the English Parliament, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Many of the colonies were named after the rulers of England including the Carolinas (for King Charles I), Virginia (for the Virgin Queen Elizabeth), and Georgia (for King George II). (Assistant)   War horse - Charles I's reign was marked by several wars, most notably the English Civil Wars from 1642–1651, which were a series of conflicts fought between his Royalist supporters (Cavaliers) and the Parliamentarians (Roundheads) over royal power, taxation and religion. - These wars were part of the larger Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which also included fighting in Scotland. - The Bishops' Wars, starting in 1639 began after Charles I attempted to impose religious reforms, leading to Covenanters gaining control of Scotland and briefly occupying northern England. - The Irish Confederate Wars, starting in 1641 were a simultaneous conflict in Ireland that was part of the larger Wars of the Three Kingdoms.   Hand in things - The First English Civil War from 1642–1646 began after Charles I raised his army against Parliament's will and included battles like Edgehill. - It ended with Charles's surrender to the Scots in 1646. - Followed by the Second English Civil War from 1648–1651 which began after Charles I's refusal to make concessions led to a renewed outbreak of fighting after he made a secret deal with the Scots. - He was defeated by Parliamentarian forces and captured. - Ultimately, Charles I was defeated, executed in 1649, and the monarchy was replaced by a republic known as the Commonwealth. Royal Collection, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Charles I in Three Positions The shape-shifters all take turns playing him - Charles I religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Catholic, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed religious groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views too Catholic. - He supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall. (Wikipedia)   Masonic hidden hand - In 1632, Charles I set a tract of about 12 million acres of land at the northern tip of the Chesapeake Bay aside for a second colony in America. - During his reign, King Charles I granted charters for several colonies, most notably the proprietary colony of Maryland to the Calvert family and the vast territory of Carolana (which would later become the Carolinas) to his attorney general, Sir Robert Heath. - He also granted charters for the Caribbean island of Barbados, which became an important source of wealth for England through sugar production. - These actions reflect his efforts to expand English influence and control in the Americas. - The British monarchy were passing acreage in America out like it was candy. Freemasonry or Masonic membership and rank. According to this hypothesis, the gesture was a secret sign used to recognize masonic followers each other. The enigmatic posture of the hand has fascinated a lot of scholars of hidden societies, who cryptically connoted the unusual splayed fingers with the letter M, which indicated not only Masonic membership and rank, but also possession of occult secrets. (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)   Crypto-Jew (Marranos) recognition - This gesture was a secret sign used by crypto-jews to recognize each other. - One historian suggested that the hand gesture was a type of a 16th-century secret sign used in Toledo, Spain, among the crypto-Jews (false Christians) to recognize each other. although it is not definitiely known, it was shown in a lot of paintings. According to this hypothesis, the gesture was a secret sign conveying satanic meanings. The hand gesture may be read as the letters M and W, which may be interpreted as multiple V’s and I’s to symbolise 666. This is because the letter V is pronounced as ‘waw’ in Hebrew and ‘vav’ in Gematria and is the 6th letter in both alphabets. However, there is no evidence to show that Renaissance, Mannerist and Baroque art had any connection with Satanism. (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) Elon Musk as King Charles I Elon Reeve Musk 1971 6/28 Charles Stuart 1600-1649 3/27   1/30 monarch   Crypto - Charles I, a Catholic sympathizer, was in favor of Lord Baltimore's plan to create a colony that would demonstrate that Catholics and Protestants could live together peacefully. - In late 1633, both Protestant and Catholic settlers left England for the Chesapeake, arriving in Maryland in March 1634. Fred Trump as King Charles I Frederick Christ Trump Sr. 1905-1999 10/11   6/25  Real estates Charles Stuart 1600-1649 3/27   1/30 monarch   Definitely Crypto - He believed in the divine right of kings and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. - Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without Parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. Gerard Soest, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Cecil Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore, with his grandson, Cecil (1667–1680), son of Charles Calvert - Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605-1675) was an English politician and lawyer who was the first proprietor of Maryland. - Born in Kent, England in 1605, he inherited the proprietorship of overseas colonies in Avalon (Newfoundland) along with Maryland. - This occurred after the 1632 death of his father, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (1580–1632), for whom it had been originally intended in a vast land grant from King Charles I (1600–1649, reigned 1625–1649). Calvert's right hand is holding a map of Maryland that he first published in 1635 to promote his colonization plan. A slave of unknown identity appears in the background of the painting to highlight Calvert's wealth. (Wikipedia)   Cecil Calvert Jr. as Trump Cecil Calvert Jr about age 2 Donald John Trump 1946 6/14 - Cecil Calvert proceeded to establish and manage the Province of Maryland as a proprietary colony for English from his English country house of Kiplin Hall in North Yorkshire. - As a Catholic, he continued his father's legacy by promoting religious tolerance in the colony.   Lord Baltimore as Trump Cecil Calvert 1605-1675 8/8   11/30 Donald John Trump 1946 66/14   Avalon - Tobacco plantations were a major source of wealth for the colony, mirroring other Southern colonies. - King Charles I, and his son, Cecil Calvert, actually founded and governed the colony from England, never visiting it in person.   Annapolis Maryland Gazette - October 12, 1758 - Between 1638 and 1648, a series of conflicts pitted King Charles I and his supporters (called Cavaliers) against groups who opposed his rule, the Covenanters in Scotland and the Parliamentarians (or Roundheads) in England. - Charles I’s armies were defeated by Parliamentarian troops in 1645 and again in 1648. - The king was taken prisoner in 1648 and in January 1649 stood trial before a court established by the Rump Parliament. - After being found guilty of high treason, Charles I was executed on January 30, 1649. The "rump parliament" was the remnant of the English Long Parliament that sat from 1648 to 1653. It was named for being the "rump" or "remnant" after Pride's Purge, when the New Model Army removed members of Parliament (MPs) who opposed the plan to try King Charles I for treason. This small body subsequently executed the king, abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords, and established the English Commonwealth. (Assistant)   Oliver Cromwell Commonwealth After Samuel Cooper, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Oliver Cromwell - The English Civil War in the 1640s was a conflict that ended with the deposing and execution of Charles I and the creation of a short-lived republic under the commander of Parliament’s army, Oliver Cromwell.   - After Charles I was executed, a republican government called the Commonwealth, ruled by Parliament, replaced the monarchy. - The Commonwealth pursued economic and imperial policies that linked its colonies more closely to England. - Virginia initially resisted this regime, proclaiming Charles II king, but was forced to surrender to Parliament on March 12, 1652.   Oliver Cromwell as Charles I Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 4/25   9/3 Charles Stuart 1600-1649 3/27   1/30 monarch   Stuart - Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) was an English statesman, politician and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in British history. - He came to prominence during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, initially as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and later as a politician. Oliver Cromwell as Elon Musk Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 4/25   9/3 Elon Reeve Musk 1971 6/28 Beheaded after death - The death of Charles I and exile of his son Charles II, followed by military victories in Ireland and in Scotland, firmly established the Commonwealth and Cromwell's dominance of the new regime. - In December 1653, Cromwell was named Lord Protector, a position he retained until his death, when he was succeeded by his son Richard, whose weakness led to a power vacuum. - Cromwell died of natural causes on September 3, 1658, likely from complications of malaria and pneumonia. - This culminated in the 1660 Stuart Restoration, after which Cromwell's body was removed from Westminster Abbey and re-hanged at Tyburn on January 30, 1661. - His head was cut off and displayed on the roof of Westminster Hall where it remained until at least 1684.  Cromwell is still a divisive figure today. While some view him as a champion of parliamentary power and religious liberty (for Protestants), others remember the harshness of his military campaigns, especially in Ireland, and the authoritarian nature of his rule. (Assistant) Charles I beheaded - The English Civil Wars (1642–1648) were fought in England and in the colonies. - They set King Charles I and his supporters against supporters of the English parliament, which opposed his policies. - These wars and the resulting changes to English and colonial government affected Virginia, Maryland, New York, and and New England (in particular) in a number of ways. - The home government itself was in turmoil from 1640 to 1660 during the English Civil Wars and again beginning in 1688 with the Glorious Revolution.   The Glorious Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1688, was the deposition of King James II Stuart (James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland) in November 1688. (Wikipedia) Westward bound - Charles I reign saw a rise in religious and political tensions that led many dissenters to seek refuge in the colonies, significantly influencing the makeup of American society. - His contentious relationship with Parliament and belief in the Divine Right of Kings contributed to the English Civil War, prompting a mass migration of religious dissenters (such as the Puritans) to the American colonies.   These almost continuous political and social upheavals figured prominently in the history of all the English colonies. Several major battles were fought between Royalists and Roundheads on Maryland soil, and ships of war from both sides exchanged cannon fire within sight of Boston and Plymouth. As many as one-third of all the able-bodied male Puritans in Massachusetts returned to England in this period to support the Parliament. (James M. Volo) Royal pit - The execution of King Charles I produced a range of political, religious, and social reactions across the English Atlantic colonies. - Responses depended on local politics, religious composition, economic ties to England, and the presence of settlers personally invested in royal authority. - Not all of the new citizens of America were seeking religious freedom, many were hoping to expand the territory and resources of their beloved Great Britain.     Bewildering changes - Without a consensus about which government in England was lawful (Charles I or Cromwell) during the periods of unrest, the colonies generally reverted to the last form of legitimate governance until such time as the question had been resolved in England. - There was so much confusion in the administration of the military, as well as civil affairs, this brought abrupt and bewildering changes. - With Royalist planters controlling the southern colonies and Puritans predominating in New England, leaders, both public and military, took sides in these disputes, and many soldiers deserted their posts.   The ruling sequence in England /Britain is as follows: Tudor, Stuart, Puritan Republic, Stuart, Orange, Stuart, and Hanover. The heads of state: Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Richard Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William III, Anne, George I, George II, George III. The French Bourbon dynasty featured an uninterrupted succession: Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, and Louis XV. (James M. Volo)     King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland 1649 - 1685 John Michael Wright, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Charles II - Charles II was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death on February 6, 1685. - Born as Charles Stuart (1630-1685) on May 29, 1630, he was the son of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France. - He is known for the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 after the period of republican rule. - After the execution of King Charles I in 1649 and death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, public unrest in Britain was rife, with increasing chaotic scenes in government and a growing desire for the return of the exiled King.   War horse - Charles II was involved in the wars of the English Civil Wars from 1642–1651, specifically the Anglo-Scottish War from 1650–1652 as a claimant to the throne. - As the son of the executed Charles I, Charles II was crowned King of Scotland and led a Scottish-Royalist army into England. - During the civil wars, he allied with the Scots and was defeated by Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester in 1651, which ended the conflict and led to his exile before his restoration to the throne in 1660.   Golden chains - He later faced the Second Anglo-Dutch War from 1665–1667 as king and his reign saw naval conflicts with the Dutch, driven by commercial interests. - This was a naval war that was fought between England under Charles II and the Dutch Republic over commercial disputes. - The Third Anglo-Dutch War from 1672–1674 was Charles II's desire for revenge for the Dutch Raid on the Medway in the Second Anglo-Dutch War and led to another conflict with the Dutch.   Philippe de Champaigne, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Charles II - 1653 Robert Walker, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Oliver Cromwell - 1649 - Charles II supported his father in the English Civil Wars and after his father’s execution, he invaded England in 1651 but was defeated at Worcester. - At that time, Generals refused to take orders from civilian politicians and the civil authorities tried to retain control of the army. - Many people feared the restoration of the monarchy, although they hadn't fared any better under Cromwell, so Charles II created a declaraton to restore confidence. - Charles II had spent years in exile until Oliver Cromwell died and conditions favored a return to the monarchy. - His Declaration of Breda paved the way for him to be proclaimed king in May 1660, which was called the Restoration.   Workshop of Peter Lely, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons George Monck 1st Duke of Albemarle - George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670) was a professional soldier from Devon who fought on both sides during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. - A prominent military figure under the Commonwealth, his support was crucial to the 1660 Stuart Restoration of Charles II. - Monck began his military career in 1625 and served in the Eighty Years' War until 1638, when he returned to England. - Monck's support for The Protectorate was based on his personal regard for its leader (whoever paid him the most). - Posted to Ireland as part of the army sent to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1641, he quickly gained a reputation for efficiency and ruthlessness. Monck became a professional soldier, a common career choice for younger sons of impoverished gentry. (Wikipedia)   Big stick Wielding the true power of the kingdom - So many monarchs and their subjects display sticks in their portraits and this is no regular stick, it;s the baston (cane) of marshal, the highest military rank in many European countries. - Monck proved his loyalty to Parliament by refusing to take part in the Second English Civil War and requiring all his officers to sign a declaration of support, however, he flip-flopped and later Monck agreed to a secret truce with Eoghan Ó Néill, the Catholic leader in Ulster, which he did not communicate to Parliament until later.   Parliamentary - Recalled to London, Monck was reprimanded by a Parliamentary committee, although they privately recognized the desperate circumstances which made it necessary (they planned on killing him). - Although some mistrusted Monck as a former Royalist, Oliver Cromwell gave him command of a regiment in the 1650 to 1651 Anglo-Scottish War, which fought at Dunbar, then stormed Dundee, an action in which 800 civilians were allegedly killed. Masonic hand sign - After Charles I agreed to a truce with the Catholic Confederacy in September 1643, Monck was captured fighting for the Royalists at Nantwich in January 1644, and remained a prisoner for the next 2 years. - Released in 1647, Monck was named Parliamentarian commander in Eastern Ulster, fought in Scotland under Oliver Cromwell in the 1650 to 1652 Anglo-Scottish War, and served as General at sea during the 1652 to 1654 First Anglo-Dutch War. - From 1655 to 1660, he was army commander in Scotland, and his support for moderates in Parliament who wanted to restore the monarchy proved decisive in Charles II regaining his throne in May 1660. - After years in exile following the execution of his father, Charles I, Charles II was restored to the throne with Monck's help, ending the period of republican government under Oliver Cromwell. Charles made the Declaration at Breda, in the Netherlands a strict Protestant country. He declared his wish for a ‘general amnesty’’, ‘liberty of conscience’, fair settlement of land disputes, and full payment of arrears to the army. (nationalarchives.gov.uk) General Monck as Oliver Cromwell George Monck 1608-1670 12/6    1/3 Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 4/25   9/3 Fought on both sides - For his help reinstating Charles II, Monck was rewarded by being made Duke of Albemarle and given various senior positions. - Illness and lack of interest in politics meant he faded into the background after 1660, but returned to sea during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. - He played an important leadership role during the 1665 Great Plague of London, as well as the 1666 Great Fire of London, and died in January 1670.  Character in a mobile strategy game, named George Monk, known for his high stats and the "monster" or "beast" synergy in the game. Historically, General George Monck was a real English commander famous for his role in the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy, not a mythical creature. The confusion likely arises from the similar-sounding names and the game character's strong, high-power stats often associated with "monsters" in games. (Assistant)   Masonic hand with big stick - King Charles II is also famous for being 'the Merry Monarch' due to the lively court he fostered and he had a reputation for philandering and fathering numerous illegitimate children but had no legitimate heirs. - Charles II was interested in science, he was a founder of the Royal Society, and also was known for his expansion of English colonies in America, such as New York and Carolina. - The Great Fire of London in 1666. - During his reign, he navigated significant religious unrest and played a key role in government oppression. - Charles II created proprietary American colonies, where land was granted to individuals or groups who then governed them, although still under the Crown. Charles II as Donald Trump Charles Stuart II 1630-1685 5/29    2/6 Donald John Trump 1946 6/14 The walls of the kingdom - Charles II's government also passed the Navigation Acts, which helped secure Britain's future as a sea power. - His reign was marked by controversy, such as the Popish Plot hysteria and his secret alliances with France. - He fathered at least 14 illegitimate children but no legitimate heirs with his wife, Queen Catherine of Braganza, which led to uncertainty about the succession and fueled the political crises of his reign. - The Popish Plot: A Case Study in the Political History of Fear. The Popish Plot was an imaginary conspiracy against the crown of Great Britain on the part of English Roman Catholics, fabricated in 1678 by Titus Oates as a means of gaining power. (Assistant)   America endures royal control - The monarchy was restored with his return from exile. - Charles II reign saw a blossoming of colonial trade and a period where royal control in the colonies was strengthened.   King James II and VII of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685 - 1688 School of Peter Lely, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons King James II of England and Ireland King James VII of Scotland c. 1650-1675 - James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 due to the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) and replaced by William III and Mary II. - He was the last Stuart monarch in the direct male line. - Born as James Stuart (1633-1701) on October 14, 1633, he was the son of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France. - The revolution was engendered by James’s Roman Catholicism and permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England. - He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland, his reign is remembered primarily for conflicts over religion.   War horse - The main war involving James II and VII was the Williamite War in Ireland from 1689–1691, which was a civil war but also part of the larger Nine Years' War. - After being deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, James landed in Ireland to try to regain his throne, leading a Jacobite force against the Williamite forces of his successor, William III. - The conflict ended with James's defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, after which he fled back to France. Glorious Revolution (1688–1689): James II was deposed and replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband, William III. He fled to France but attempted to return to power from Ireland. (Assistant)   Masonic hand signs - James inherited the throne on Charles II's death in 1685 with little opposition in Scotland. - A rising led by the Earl of Argyll was easily suppressed, although suspicions increased that James was trying to introduce Roman Catholicism when he made grants of religious toleration and converted the Abbey Church of Holyrood into a Roman Catholic Chapel Royal. - The chapel was also planned to be the Chapel of the Order of the Thistle, which James revived in 1687. A hat that would make Paul Revere envious - However, it also involved struggles over the principles of absolutism and divine right of kings, with his deposition ending a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of the English Parliament over the Crown.  - James II's deposition during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to a transfer of power to Parliament. - This event had a significant impact on colonial governance and the idea of parliamentary supremacy. Trump as King James II and VII Donald John Trump 1946 6/14 James Stuart 1633-1701 10/14  11/16   Not so glorious - Both the English and Scottish parliaments refused to pass measures viewed as undermining the primacy of the Protestant religion. - His attempts to impose them by absolutist decrees as a matter of his perceived divine right met with opposition. - Defeated by William II and III at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, James spent the rest of his life in exile in France, and died there in 1701. - The Glorious Revolution resulted in the overthrow of James II in 1688 and the subsequent joint rule of William and Mary influenced colonial politics and the relationship between Britain and its North American subjects. Scotland played a largely passive role in the revolution of 1688 until news of events in England and James' flight were followed by the collapse of the Scottish administration in late December. A mob drove the Jesuits from Holyrood, sacked the Chapel Royal and desecrated the royal tombs. Constitutionally, however, James remained king until 4 April 1689, when the Convention of Estates voted that he had forfeited the crown and offered the throne jointly to William and Mary. (royal.uk)   William and Mary of England, Scotland and Ireland 1689 - 1702 King William III and II Queen Mary II Godfrey Kneller, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons - 1690 Peter Lely, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons - 1677 - William III and II, also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death on March 8, 1702. - He ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland with his wife, Queen Mary II, and their joint reign (co-monarch) is known as that of William and Mary. - William Orange-Nassau (1650-1702), who was born on November 4, 1650, was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal, the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland. - His father died before his birth, making William III the prince of Orange from birth. - In 1677, he married his first cousin Mary, the elder daughter of his maternal uncle James, Duke of York (later King James II).   Their joint monarchy arose in response to fears over James II's attempts to bolster royal authority and restore Catholicism—culminating in a crisis following the birth of James's son, which threatened to establish a Catholic dynasty. (ebsco.com)   Godfrey Kneller, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons  Mary II - 1690 - Mary II was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband, King William III and II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. - Born as Mary Stuart (1662-1694) on April 30, 1662, she was the daughter of James II of England and Anne Hyde. - She was also Princess of Orange following her marriage on November 4, 1677. - Her joint reign with William over Britain is known as that of William and Mary. - Initially, the marriage was not very happy, and Mary was particularly dismayed by her husband’s frequent infidelities. - Mary died on December 28, 1694, and William was sole ruler until his death on March 8, 1702.   War horse - William and Mary were involved in wars related to their 1688 invasion of England, which overthrew King James II and led to the Glorious Revolution. - Their reign was marked by conflicts, most notably the Nine Years' War from 1688-1697 against France and the wars in Ireland that secured their throne, including the Battle of the Boyne. - The transition was not bloodless outside of England; a series of battles occurred in Ireland between William's and James's supporters, which continued until 1691 and was called the War in Ireland. King William's War - King William's War was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). - It was the first of 6 colonial wars (the 4 French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War) fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the Mississippi River in 1763. - It is also known as the Second Indian War, Father Baudoin's War, Castin's War, or the First Intercolonial War in France.   King William's War, also known as the Second Indian War, was a conflict in North America that lasted from 1689 to 1697, emerging as part of the broader Nine Years' War between France and a coalition of European powers, including England. (Assistant) Masonic hidden hand - The English settlers were more than 154,000 at the beginning of the war and outnumbered the French 12 to 1. - However, they were divided in multiple colonies along the Atlantic coast, which were unable to cooperate efficiently, and were engulfed in the Glorious Revolution, which created tension among the colonists. - The reign of William and Mary, which began with their ascension to the throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689, marked a significant shift in English governance and the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament. - There seemed to be nothing but non-stop wars with the British in charge of everything.   Queen Anne of Great Britain 1702 - 1714 Michael Dahl, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons c. 1705 - Anne was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from March 8, 1702, and Queen of Great Britain and Ireland following the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707 merging the kingdoms of England and Scotland, until her death on August 1, 1714. - Born as Anne Stuart (1665-1714)  on February 6, 1665, she was the daughter of James II of England and Anne Hyde. - Her sister, Mary II married her Dutch Protestant cousin, William III of Orange, in 1677, and Anne married Prince George of Denmark, a Lutheran, in 1683. - She was also known as Anne of Denmark. Anne was born during the reign of her uncle King Charles II. Her father was Charles's younger brother and heir presumptive, James, whose suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England. On Charles's instructions, Anne and her elder sister Mary were raised as Anglicans. (Wikipedia)   War horse - During Queen Anne's reign, England was primarily involved in Queen Anne's War from 1702–1713, which was the North American theater of the larger European War of the Spanish Succession which was fought to prevent a union of the French and Spanish thrones. - The war was fought between the British and French colonial forces, along with their respective Native American allies, over control of North America.   Masonic hand - Anne's war in 1702 was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain. - In the United States, it is regarded as a standalone conflict under this name. - Elsewhere it is usually viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession. - It is also known as the Third Indian War, and in France it was known as the Second Intercolonial War.   Territorial gains - Key events included raids on settlements like the Raid of Deerfield  in 1704, a failed English siege of Seige of St. Augustine in 1792, and retaliatory attacks on both sides. - There was also a failed French/Spanish attack on Charles Town in 1706 when a combined Spanish and French force from Havana attacked Charles Town, South Carolina, but was repelled by colonial forces. - The conflict concluded with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which resulted in significant territorial gains for Great Britain in North America.   France ceded Acadia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay territory to Great Britain, significantly expanding English control in North America. (Assistant) Masonic hand - Anne oversaw the Acts of Union in 1707 which united England and Scotland into Great Britain. - Her personal life was marked by tragedy, as she experienced numerous failed pregnancies, with none of her children surviving to adulthood, and was known for her complex relationships with women at her court, most notably Sarah Churchill. - Her reign was marked by the War of the Spanish Succession and significant political rivalries, and she was succeeded by George I of Hanover due to her childlessness.   Musk as Queen Anne Elon Reeve Musk 1971 6/28  Chief thief Anne Stuart 1665-1714 2/6   8/1 monarch A real beaut - Her reign saw the dominance of both the Whig and Tory parties, which helped shape Britain's two-party political system. - We all know how well that worked out. What nice square shoulders - She had 17 pregnancies, but all of her children died before reaching adulthood, no wonder. - Queen Anne died on August 1, 1714, at Kensington Palace at the age of 49. - Because she had no surviving heirs, the end of her reign marked the conclusion of the Stuart dynasty and paved the way for the House of Hanover to take the throne.   Whilst we know that Anne did have close friendships with women, there's no evidence to suggest these relationships were sexual. A notable friendship was with Duchess of Marlborough Sarah Churchill. The pair referred to each other as 'Mrs Morley' and 'Mrs Freeman' to make them feel equal when talking to each other. (Assistant) House of Hanover 1714 - 1901 Germany Sodacan, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Royal Arms of the_Kingdom of Hanover -The House of Hanover is a German royal house with roots tracing back to the 17th-century. Its members, known as Hanoverians, ruled Hanover, Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Empire at various times during the 17th to 20th centuries. - In 1714 George I, prince-elector of Hanover and a descendant of King James VI and I, assumed the throne of Great Britain and Ireland, marking the beginning of Hanoverian rule over the British Empire. - At the end of this line, Queen Victoria's death in 1901, the throne of the United Kingdom passed to her eldest son Edward VII, a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, through his father Albert, Prince Consort. The formal name of the house was the "House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line." (Wikipedia)   King George I of Great Britain 1714 - 1727 Godfrey Kneller, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons c. 1714 - George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from August 1, 1714, and ruler of the Electorate of Hanover within the Holy Roman Empire from January 23, 1698, until his death on June 11, 1727. - He was the first British monarch of the House of Hanover. - Born in Hanover as George Louis/Ludwig (1660-1727) on May 28, 1660, he was the son of Ernest Augustus and Sophia of Hanover. - As Sophia, Electress of Hanover, had died 2 months before Queen Anne's death in August 1714, as her eldest son, George, Elector of Hanover, inherited the throne under the Act of Settlement of 1701. - However, there were some 50 Roman Catholic relatives with stronger claims. George I gained the throne after several royal deaths and a newly established accession order intended to secure a Protestant monarchy. (encyclopediavirginia.org)   War horse - The Great Northern War from 1700–1721 largely predated George I's accession to the throne, he was involved in its later stages. - His primary goal was to secure the Swedish-controlled duchies of Bremen and Verden for his German territory. - During his reign, George I's England was involved in King George's War from 1744–1748, which was the North American part of the larger War of the Austrian Succession. - The conflict pitted the British against France and was characterized by border raids and the notable, though ultimately temporary, capture of the French fortress of Louisbourg by British colonial forces.   Masonic hand - Additionally, George I participated in the War of Jenkins' Ear from 1739–1748, a conflict with Spain that later escalated into the War of the Austrian Succession. - This was a conflict between Britain and Spain that began over a dispute about maritime trade and smuggling. It is considered to be the precursor to the larger European conflict. Masonic hand sign - He never fully learned to speak English and instead conducted government affairs mostly in French and his native German. - His frequent trips to Hanover, as well as his controversial treatment of his ex-wife, caused many to scorn the foreign king. - In the colonies, however, his reign was more applauded. - Although the development of the British constitution by 1714 ensured that George I had little direct involvement in Virginia affairs.   Musk as King George I Elon Reeve Musk 1971 6/28  Chief thief George Louis 1660-1727 5/28   7/11 monarch The eyes have it - George I spent almost 13 years on the throne during several defining developments in the colony’s history. - The transformation from indentured servitude to slavery as the primary source of plantation labor occurred. - Also, a shift from sweet-scented to Oronoco tobacco as the dominant tobacco crop, and the beginning of what historians have called the 'golden age' of Virginia politics. - All of these developments can be attributed to the broader policies and people George I had at least a modest role in promoting. - Historians often cite the peaceful royal succession following his sudden death in 1727 as his most significant legacy.     King George II of Great Britain 1727 - 1760 Thomas Hudson, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons c. 1744 - George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from June 11, 1727, (O.S.) until his death on October 25, 1760. - Born as George Augustus Stuart (1683-1760) in November 1683, he was the son of George I of Great Britain and Sophia Dorothea of Celle.   War horse - During the reign of George II, England was involved in several conflicts, including the War of the Austrian Succession from 1740–1748, which included the North American theater known as King George's War. - His reign also saw the War of Jenkins' Ear from 1739–1748 against Spain, which was a conflict fought primarily against Spain in the Caribbean and South America. - In the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, George II personally led British and Hanoverian troops, which was the last time a British king led his army on the field and he was instrumental in achieving a victory after a tactical French blunder.   Masonic hand sign - The Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, was a challenge to the Hanoverian dynasty by Jacobite supporters of the Stuart claimant, Prince Charles. - The rebellion was crushed by British forces led by the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. - George II also oversaw the beginning of the Seven Years' War from 1756–1763.   Chris Talbot / Weymouth - King George III Memorial King's Statue - After losing America, George, II moved on and created The Acts of Union 1800 which unified Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with George as its king. - He was concurrently duke and prince-elector of Hanover, in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on October 12, 1814. - George II was the first monarch of the House of Hanover who was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover. The House of Hanover was a German royal house that ruled Great Britain from 1714 to 1901, beginning with George I and ending with Queen Victoria. The dynasty came to the British throne because of the Act of Settlement of 1701, which barred Catholic heirs, and ruled through six monarchs, overseeing events like the American Revolution and the peak of the British Empire. The British and Hanoverian crowns diverged in 1837 due to Salic law in Hanover, which barred Queen Victoria from inheriting the Hanoverian throne, though her uncle took it instead. (Assistant) Richard Purcell aka Charles Corbutt (ca 1736-ca 1766), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons General William Howe - The Seven Years' War introduced General William Howe (1729-1814) to America, and did much to raise his reputation. - Promoted to the rank of major in 1756, he joined the newly formed 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot in February 1757, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in December of that year.   Trump as General William Howe Donald John Trump 1946 6/14 William Howe 1729-1814 8/10   7/12 General A hat to die for (Paul Revere would be envious) - General William Howe was born in England, the 3rd son of Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe, and Charlotte, the daughter of Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Leinster and Darlington, an acknowledged illegitimate half-sister of King George I. - His father was a politician, who served as Governor of Barbados where he died in 1735. - William's eldest brother, General George Howe, was killed just before the 1758 Battle of Carillon at Fort Ticonderoga. - Another brother, Admiral Richard Howe, rose to become one of Britain's leading naval commanders.    The Paoli Massacre of September 1777, where a British force under his command, led by Major General Charles Grey, launched a surprise bayonet attack on an American camp in Pennsylvania. While Howe was the commanding general, the attack, which occurred at Paoli, resulted in fifty-three American casualties and seventy-one prisoners, with claims that the British took no prisoners and granted no quarter. (battlefields.org)   Attributed to Joseph Highmore, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Major-General James Wolfe in 1750 - General Howe also commanded the regiment at the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758, leading an amphibious landing under heavy enemy fire. - This action won the attackers a flanking position and earned Howe a commendation from Major-General James Wolfe (1727-1759). The British victory at Louisbourg was pivotal. Although the long siege made an attack on Quebec the same year impracticable, British-occupied Louisbourg both cut off French reinforcements to Canada and provided a springboard for the French and Indian War campaigns of 1759. (Assistant) Musk as Major-General James Wolfe Elon Reeve Musk 1971 6/28  Chief thief William Howe 1729-1814 8/10   7/12 General Quebec - Major-General James Wolfe (1727-1759) was a British Army officer known for his training reforms and, as a major general, remembered chiefly for his victory in 1759 over the French at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec. - Wolfe's part in the taking of Quebec in 1759 earned him lasting fame, and he became an icon of Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War and subsequent territorial expansion. - He was depicted in the painting The Death of General Wolfe, which became famous around the world. Around 1738, the family moved to Greenwich, in north-west Kent. From his earliest years, Wolfe was destined for a military career, entering his father's 1st Marine regiment as a volunteer at the age of thirteen. (Wikipedia)        Elon Musk as George II Elon Reeve Musk 1971 6/28  Chief thief George II 1683-1760 9/11   10/26 monarch English as his first language - The British, under General William Howe, captured New York City in 1776 although this was started by George II who had died in 1760, so his son, King George III, was on the throne at the time of the capture. - The British occupied the city until their evacuation on November 25, 1783. King George III of the United Kingdom 1760 - 1820 Allan Ramsay, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Coronation Robes 1762 - King George III was the King of Great Britain and Ireland from October 25, 1760, until his death in 1820. - Born George William Frederick (1738-1820) and was the first son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. - He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. - The following year, he married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, with whom he had 15 children.   War horse - During the reign of George III, England was involved in several major wars, including the Seven Years' War and he ascended the throne in 1760, near the end of this global conflict, which was already underway. - Britain emerged victorious, defeating France and becoming the dominant power in North America and India. - The American War of Independence from 1775-1783 ended with the British defeat at Yorktown. - This was followed by the War of 1812 where the United States and Britain were in conflict and which began and ended during George III's reign, though he was largely incapacitated by illness during its final years. - His reign saw Britain become the dominant European power after the Seven Years' War, followed by the loss of its American colonies, and finally, the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Jean-Étienne Liotard, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons George, Prince of Wales, at 16 years old c. 1754 - George was born at Norfolk House in St James's Square, London, on June 4, 1738. - Born 2 months prematurely, he was thought unlikely to survive. - King George II disliked Prince Frederick and took little interest in his grandchildren. - However, in 1751, Frederick died unexpectedly from a lung injury at the age of 44, and his son George became heir apparent to the throne and inherited his father's title of Duke of Edinburgh. - The King now took more interest in his grandson and created him Prince of Wales 3 weeks later. Land Gazette - December 10, 1761 Coronaton of King George III - On the death of his grandfather, George II, George ascended to the throne on October 25, 1760 at the age of 22. - He was yet to be married so he inquired of Lord Bute on suitable Protestant German princesses to be his wife and consort. - In July 1761, it was decided that the King would marry the 17-year-old Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who lacked interest in political affairs much to George's favor. Thomas Hudson, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons William Boyce c. 1745 - The coronation of George III and his wife Charlotte as king and queen of Great Britain and Ireland took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on September 22, 1761. - The coronation was budgeted at £9,430 although some sources give a figure of around £70,000 ($1.47 million USD today). - William Boyce (1711–1779) was the Master of the King's Music and the composer of most of the 1761 coronation music. Elon Musk as William Boyce Elon Reeve Musk 1971 6/28 William Boyce 1711-1779 9/11   2/7 Composer  He wrote the songs - As Master of the King's Musick Boyce had the responsibility of writing music for royal occasions including funerals, weddings and coronations. - However, Boyce refused to make a new setting of Zadok the Priest for the coronation of George III and Charlotte in 1761 on the grounds that Handel's setting of the anthem was unsurpassable. - As a result, Handel's setting has been played at every subsequent British coronation. - George IIIs coronation is the only one recorded where a single musician wrote nearly all the music, Boyce having composed a total of 8 anthems specifically for the event. John Russell, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons William Boyce 1776 - By the year 1758, his deafness had increased to such an extent that he was unable to continue in his organist posts. - He gave up teaching and retired in Kensington, and devoted himself to editing the collection of church music which bears his name. - This led to Boyce editing works by the likes of William Byrd and Henry Purcell. - Many of the pieces in the collection are still used in Anglican services today.  Annapolis Maryland Gazette - May 3, 1764 Curious Marble Pedestrian Statue of King George III - A second 'Marble Pedestal Statue of King George III' refers to a specific gilded lead equestrian statue in New York City that was pulled down by colonists in 1776 after the Declaration of Independence was read. - There is another statue of George III at Somerset House, formally titled George III and the River Thames, which depicts King George III and Neptune or Father Thames and is located in the quadrangle of Somerset House in London, England. - The sculptor was John Bacon, and the statue was erected between 1778 and 1789. - George III loved statues, and had others, such as the King's Statue in Weymouth, England, that was installed in 1809. Chris Talbot / Weymouth - King George III Memorial King's Statue - After losing America, George, moved on and created The Acts of Union 1800 which unified Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with George as its king. - He was concurrently duke and prince-elector of Hanover, in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on October 12, 1814. - He was the first monarch of the House of Hanover who was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover. Two step - George III's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. - After having successfully captured New York City in 1776, British military planners organized two expeditions to divide the 13 colonies and, they hoped, decisively end the rebellion. - One expedition was to take control of the Hudson River by a descent from Quebec, while the other was targeted at the colonial capital, Philadelphia.     Brooklyn - On August 27, 1776, British troops under General William Howe (1729-1814) attacked American forces commanded by George Washington in the Battle of Brooklyn. - Assailed from three sides, Washington and the main body of the Americans escaped across the East River to Manhattan and then fled north, ultimately crossing the Hudson River, then known as the North River, to New Jersey. - If Washington and his troops had been captured either in Brooklyn or Manhattan, the American Revolution would likely have ended soon after it began. Stylish? - The Battle of Cooch's Bridge, also known as the Battle of Iron Hill, was fought on September 3, 1777, between the Continental Army and American militia and primarily German soldiers serving alongside the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. - It was the only significant military action during the war on the soil of Delaware: though there were also naval engagements off the state's coast. - The battle took place about a week before the major Battle of Brandywine and there are some that claim that this was the first battle which saw the U.S. flag.   Cooch's Bridge in Delaware - On September 3, 1777, German troops leading the British advance were met by musket fire from the U.S. light infantry in the woods on either side of the road leading toward Cooch's Bridge. - Calling up reinforcements, they flushed the Americans out and drove them across the bridge. Lost the colonies for Britain - Under his rule, Britain lost 13 of its North American colonies in the American War of Independence. - In 1807, the transatlantic slave trade was banned from the British Empire. Bill Clinton as George III William Jefferson (Blythe) Clinton 1946  8/19 George William Frederick 1738-1820 6/4    1/29 King of Great Britain 42nd President - In the later part of his life, George had recurrent and eventually permanent mental illness. - The exact nature of George's illness is not known definitively, but historians and medical experts have suggested that his symptoms and behavior traits were consistent with either bipolar disorder or porphyria. - In 1810, George suffered a final relapse, and his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, was named Prince Regent the following year. - George III died at age 81 in 1820, at which time the Regent succeeded him as George IV.   George III reigned during much of the Georgian and Regency eras. At the time of his death, he was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch, having reigned for 59 years and 96 days; he remains the longest-lived and longest-reigning male monarch in British history. (Wikipedia) America the Beautiful - The Stuart era ended in 1714 with the death of Queen Anne, and the subsequent Hanoverian dynasty continued the policies of British rule in America. - The tensions that grew out of this relationship ultimately contributed to the American Revolution. - King George III is primarily known for losing the American colonies and being the monarch during the American Revolution. - While initially popular, his reign became defined by the escalating conflict over British policies and the colonies' demands for self-governance. - He is famously portrayed as a tyrant in the Declaration of Independence, though historical perspective suggests many of the accusations were exaggerations used for wartime propaganda (according to the British).   Winding road - This marks the end of the era of pre-colonial and colonial ruling kings. - However, their rule in Britain, from 1603 to 1714, had a significant impact on America, including the naming of the first permanent English settlement, Jamestown, in honor of King James I. - The Stuarts also presided over a period of colonization and conflict that helped shape the early development of the American colonies. - They also approved the use of slavery in the colonies. Grimmer Grimmer - The Lost Castle - Page 5

…TFair is foul, and foul is fair.

Shakespeare, Macbeth